[ comparison of postpartum depression between fathers and mothers in Saqqez]

Introduction: Post-natal depression is a mood problem that has adverse effects on parents, leading to impaired cognitive development and poor communication between parents-child. The purpose of this study was to assess postpartum depression in young mothers and fathers

Method: this descriptive-analytical study was performed with convenience sampling on 150 young mothers and fathers who were referred to Saqqez health centers, Sanandaj, Iran in 2013. Data was collected with demographic information form and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Data were analyzed by PASW statistical software using descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation, Fisher's exact test, chi-square, independent t- test. P-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant

Results: the results showed that 27 fathers [36%] and 37 mothers [49.3%] had symptoms of postpartum depression and two groups of depressed parents are not significant different. There was an association between depression and employment [p=0.003], so that all unemployed fathers were depressed [p=0.04] and all employed mothers [p=0.001] have not depressive symptoms. There was no relationship between depression and education

Conclusions: Given the high prevalence of postpartum depression in young fathers, holding training classes, emphasizing the issue of postpartum depression and management of this critical stage in fathers seems to be necessary

[Comparison of impact of foot reflexology massage and Bensone relaxation on severity of pain after cesarean section: a randomized trial]

To compare the impact of foot reflexology massage and Bensone relaxation on severity of pain after cesarean section. A quasi-experimental time series design and clinical trial was used. Method of sampling was convenience non probability. Samples were placed in two groups: foot reflexology massage and Bensone relaxation and a control group. Pain was measured using a standard numerical pain scale. For data analysis Mann Whitney, ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis and Wilkacson were performed. Comparison of the mean of pain severity was separately significant between two group and measured group [P<0.05]. Difference between the mean of pain severity also was significant between foot reflexology massage and Bensone relaxation [P=0.0001]. Foot reflexology massage and Bensone relaxation were effective on decreasing pain severity after women abdominal surgical operation and the impact of foot reflexology massage was superior

role of attachment styles and defense mechanisms in discriminating cigarette smoker students from non-smokers

Background and Purpose: It is believed that insecure attachment styles and immature defense mechanisms render individuals vulnerable to cigarette and substance use; these people experience more negative emotions and have fewer options for reducing psychological distresses. The aim of the present research was to investigate the role of attachment styles defense mechanisms and health status in discriminating cigarette-smoker students from non-smokers

Methods and Materials: This research is a case-control study. The research sample consisted of 100 cigarette-smoker and 100 non-smoker students selected from among the students of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Data collection was done through the use of Attachment Styles Scale Defense Style Questionnaire and General Health Survey. In order to analyze the data discriminant analysis was used in SPSS 14

Results: The results indicated that 71 percent of the variance of insecurity of attachment style immature defense mechanisms and health status can account for the only function between groups of smokers and non-smokers. The discriminant function obtained was classified correctly with the concurrent method for 94.5% of smokers and through step-by-step method for 93.5% of non-smokers

Conclusion: The results indicated that cigarette-smoking and nonsmoking university students can be discriminated through their immature defense mechanisms insecure attachment styles and health status

Effect of height on F-wave latency: redefining reference values for Iranian population

F-wave latency is one of the most sensitive parameters which is used for diagnosis of radiculopathy and neuropathy in electrodiagnostic medicine. Electrodianosis professionals mostly use reference values published in major textbooks mostly written in USA based on anthropomorphic characteristics of American people. Also there is considerable difference between heights of males and females in each country, which is not considered in reference tables. We performed this study to determine any difference between F-wave latencies in both genders and also between our population and mainly used reference values. This cross-sectional study was performed on 60 healthy volunteers [30 males and 30 females]. Minimum F-wave latencies of median and ulnar nerves at wrist, and also tibial and peroneal nerves at ankle were recorded after ten supramaximal stimulation of each nerve. The average heights were 156.05 +/- 4.80 and 171.58 +/- 6.05 centimeters in females and males, respectively. Mean of minimum F-wave latencies in males were 24.93 +/- 1.55, 25.73 +/- 1.48, 46.86 +/- 2.94 and 46.91 +/- 3.04 and in females were 22.66 +/- 1.23, 22.97 +/- 1.33, 42.61 +/- 3.20 and 42.33 +/- 3.17 milliseconds for median, ulnar, tibial and peroneal nerves, respectively. These values were significantly higher in males than females. There was correlation between height and man of F-wave latencies in median, ulnar, tibial and peroneal nerves. There were significant differences between males and females in all tested nerves. Also there were significant differences between our measured latencies and the reference values published in major electrodiagnostic textbooks. Regarding the significant height difference between two genders, we recommend defining separate references values for each group. On the other hand, each population should have its own reference values corresponding to average height of its own people; otherwise the sensitivity of this parameter [F-wave latency] will be significantly low

Management approach to nurse administrators and its relationship with occupational burnout among nurse staff of Golestan University Hospitals

Optimal performance of hospitals depends on effective management of manpower and equipment. The Hospital nurses have numerous occupational difficulties. Burnout is one of these problems that threatens the physical and psychological health of nurses and is one of the important causes of absence, energy depletion and low efficiency among nursing staff. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between burnout and occupational management approach of nurse administrators in Golestan University hospitals This is a descriptive-analytical study aiming at assessing 272 nurses affiliated to Golestan province university hospitals, using Maslach Burnout inventory [MBI] and management approach questionnaire. MBI assesses emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment and management approach questionnaire including planning, organizing, control, leadership, motivation, staff participation, reward and punishment. The statistical analysis was done by SPSS for windows. qi-square and U-Man-witny tests were applied for analyses in this study. The age range of nurses was 25-45 years and 95 of them were male and 177 were female [206 married]. 5.5% of staff rated their head nurses' management approach very good, 51.5% partially good and 0.7% of them perceived it completely bad. There was a significant relationship between burnout of nurses and accuupational management approach of head nurses with staff in terms of intensity and frequency of burnout [P<0.05]